Around the year 2000, a Bangladeshi immigrant named Shaker Sadeak left New York City.

Sadeak moved west to the American state of Michigan. He told VOA that Michigan gave him the chance to hold a job while going to school.

In 2007, he opened his own retail store in Hamtramck, Michigan -- a town with many immigrants from Bangladesh. The store, specializing in cloth, is next to Bengali restaurants and food stores. His business has grown over the years.

This past summer, new and established stores were replacing empty spaces along Conant Street, the main commercial street in Hamtramck.

Sadeak told VOA "Back in 2000, you used to see one car in two minutes. Now we have thousands of cars driving on the streets. All the immigrants came into this town and rebuilt the whole thing," he said.

In old industrial areas across the United States, immigration is the basis for economic growth, says Steve Tobocman, Executive Director of Global Detroit. His nonprofit group works to bring international investment and business to southeast Michigan.

Tobocman told VOA that the immigration issues are real and important to the community.

"They have a real impact on family budgets, and jobs, and incomes," he said.

Damage to America's brand

New research shows that after the 2008 Great Recession, a growth in Detroit's immigrant population helped to fight population decline and energize the economy. Global Detroit reported the findings.

Tobocman said that since the beginning of Donald Trump's presidency, anti-immigrant language and policies have been costly for Michigan.

"We have done some damage to America's brand as the world's most welcoming economy, most innovative economy, and a place where anybody can come and contribute to our growth and prosperity and live the American Dream," he said.

Trump's top advisor for policy, Stephen Miller, told reporters in August that the president's policies will prevent an increase in low-wage labor and protect American workers.

Miller believes that unskilled immigrants hurt the economy, and are partly to blame for unemployment in the country.

The U.S. Labor Department reported in early September that the jobless rate was 4.4 percent.

Comparing Michigan with nine other industrial states, Global Detroit estimated the economic loss that resulted from decreases in international travel and international students. The study also considered effects from Trump's cancellation of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program and losses in agricultural production.

The group predicted a combined $1.157 billion in yearly losses in statewide economic activity. It estimated $418 million of that amount coming from the announced cancellation of DACA.

About $261 million in losses were tied to an estimated 16 percent drop in foreign visitors to the United States.

Weighing costs and benefits

In areas of the U.S. where population is falling, immigrants are "part of what is keeping those communities vibrant and growing," says Kim Rueben, a Senior Fellow at the Urban Institute.

Rueben was a member of the National Academy of Sciences panel that wrote a report on the effect of immigration on American workers and economic growth. The group reported its findings in 2016.

Rueben noted that there are costs to state and local governments, such as educating the children of immigrants. But, she said, those same children become adults who "end up paying the most in taxes and using the least in services."

Any decision to cut immigration numbers and the overturning of DACA will hurt the economy, Reuben said.

She noted that the children of lower-wage, first generation immigrants have shown an ability to exceed education level expectations.

A recent opinion study found that 38 percent of voting Americans approve of President Trump's immigration policies, while 59 percent disapprove. The Quinnipiac University poll was released last month.

I'm Bryan Lynn. And I'm Alice Bryant.

Ramon Taylor reported this story for VOANews. Susan Shand adapted his report for Learning English. George Grow was the editor.