When you are reading something in English and you see a word or words you do not know, what do you do? Do you pause and look up the definitions? Or do you put down the reading and find something different to read?

Neither solution is ideal.

Unless you are reading at a level that is clearly too high for you, avoiding reading may leave you feeling defeated. And pausing to look up every word can slow down your reading.

There is a better solution: using context clues.

A context clue is a piece of information that appears near an unknown word or phrase and makes its meaning clearer. Context clues are right there in the text. But sometimes we don't see them.

Reading is one of the best ways to improve your English. So in this week's Education Tips, we will talk about four kinds of context clues that can help you become a better reader.

Tip #1: Synonyms

The first kind is synonyms.

As you come across unknown words while reading, look for synonyms. A synonym is a word or phrase that has a similar meaning to the unknown word.

Read and listen to this short passage from a Learning English story in 2015 and consider what "fundraiser" means:

Japanese food and music were also served to the 100 or so people who attended the event. This was the third year the fundraiser was held. Money raised from ticket sales – each ticket cost $100 to $150 – supports the National Cherry Blossom Festival.

Looking at the first sentence, you see an event is being discussed. In the second, the writer replaces the word "event" with the word "fundraiser." When one word replaces another in a text, often it is a synonym. So, you might suppose that a fundraiser is some kind of event.

The third and fourth sentences say more about the kind of event: it has music and food and is raising money for a festival through ticket sales. And that's often what happens at a fundraiser, which is a ticketed social event that raises money for a cause.

Tip #2: Antonyms

The second kind of clue is antonyms.

Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of a word.

One way to identify an antonym is to look for contrast words, such as "but," "however," "though," "although," "unlike," "whereas" and "despite." These words signal that some opposite idea or meaning is coming.

Let's look at this sentence from a recent Learning English story. See if the contrast word "although" helps you understand what a "critic" is.

The United States will begin restricting visas to citizens from six other countries on February 21, although critics question the move.

The first part of the sentence states a policy change on visas. In the second part, the word "although" signals that contrasting information is coming, which is that critics are questioning the new policy. From this, we might guess that a critic is a person who disapproves of something.

Tip #3: Appositives

The third kind of clue is appositives.

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that comes after another noun, where the second defines the first. That definition will make more sense after looking at the example below. It uses an appositive to explain the meaning of the word "constellation." Here it is:

Constellations, or groups of stars that form shapes in the sky, usually represent a mythological person or creature or a nonliving object.

The sentence uses a comma followed by the word "or" to introduce the appositive "groups of stars that form shapes in the sky." Punctuation is important here: Appositives usually have a comma before and after them.

But note that sometimes appositives do not use the signal word "or." And be careful -- commas have many purposes in written texts and they do not always signal appositives.

Tip #4: Examples

The fourth kind of clue is examples.

Examples can help explain the meaning of a word or idea. In English, the most common ways we introduce examples are with the phrases "for example," "for instance," "such as" and "like."

Here is a passage from a 2019 Learning English report about superbugs in the United States. See if the example helps you understand the meaning of "superbug."

Superbugs are appearing much more often outside of hospitals, the CDC report said. For example, urinary tract infections have been easily treated in doctor's offices with common antibiotic medicines. But now it is more common to see healthy young women with such infections admitted to hospitals after their treatments do not work, said Doctor Bradley Frazee.

So what might a "superbug" be? The example provided is of an infection that is not easily treated with antibiotics anymore. And that is exactly what a superbug is.

Some closing thoughts

And now for some closing thoughts.

Learning to use context clues can take time. Don't pressure yourself to be great at the skill too quickly.

Also, it is often not necessary to know the meaning of every word to understand what you are reading. So the next time you come across a word you don't know, ask yourself whether you can understand the sentence without it.

I'm Bryan Lynn.

Alice Bryant wrote this story for Learning English. Ashley Thompson was the editor.

_______________________________________________________________

pause – v. to stop doing something for a short time before doing it again

ideal – adj. exactly right for a particular purpose, situation or person

phrase – n. a group of two or more words that express a single idea but do not usually form a complete sentence

text – n. the words that make up the main part of a book, magazine, newspaper, Web site or something else

contrast – n. a difference between things or people that are being compared

ticket – n. a piece of paper that allows you to see a show, go to an event, travel on a vehicle, or do something else

mythological – adj. relating to, based on or appearing in myths or mythology

comma – n. a punctuation mark , that is used to separate words or groups of words in a sentence

punctuation – n. the marks, such as periods and commas, in a piece of writing that make its meaning clear

urinary tract – n. the body's drainage system for removing urine, which is composed of wastes and extra fluid